║ Objectives
The overarching objective of CARES is to improve our understanding of, constrain and reduce the current uncertainty in the marine atmospheric sulfur cycle. More specifically….
O1: Quantify ocean-atmosphere emissions of DMS and CH3SH inside and outside of phytoplankton blooms using shipboard observations.
O2: Quantify the gas phase oxidation rates of DMS and CH3SH and estimate conversions/yields to HPMTF, SO2, MSA and sulfate aerosols using airborne and seaborne measurement and constrained process modelling.
O3: Constrain and quantify the loss of SO2 via deposition to the ocean surface and in-cloud oxidation using direct flux and airborne measurements and aerosol process modelling.
O4: Use perturbed parameter ensembles to develop new observationally constrained mechanisms that account for the improved process understanding of marine sulfur chemistry and make these available for use by the wider community of composition climate modellers.
O5: Quantify the role of the marine sulfur cycle (with the improved understanding) on the climate system and determine metrics such as the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of marine sulfur emissions and the climate system response to these emissions (i.e., the climate feedback parameter).
O6: Quantify the degree to which the climate effects of marine sulfur emissions are sensitive to atmospheric conditions (e.g., pre-industrial vs present day climate) using a suite of Earth System model simulations.
realted pages
CARES 